Tue Jan 19, 2010 3:13 am
No, Austria stood against France, Bavaria and Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession, in much worse conditions and against similar odds to Prussia in the SYW, and survived in excellent shape, and able to undertake an aggressive program of reform.
As for Austrian leadership, Daun, supposedly 'incompetent', defeated Frederick personally in two battles (Kolin and Hochkirch), revolutionised warfare with his concentric, multi-axis assault first employed at Hochkirch (and immitated by the Prussians), and strategically defeated Frederick, apparently a genius, in 6 years of war. Frederick only beat Daun once, at Torgau, and only after Daun had left the field wounded, after nightfall. I think Daun wins on points when you compare them.
Everyone talks about Frederick's oblique approach, but Daun's multi-axis concentric operations were more sophisticated and prefigured Napoleonic warfare more clearly. Not unrelated, the Theresian artillery was also the model for artillery throughout Europe to the mid-19th Century.
The Austrian loss at Leuthen was immediately remedied by the Queen-Empress by sacking Charles of Lorraine, showing decisiveness and realism on the part of the high command. Austrian diplomacy, grand strategy and logistics under Kaunitz were masterful.
Frederick himself said the war was lost but for the death of the Russian empress in 1762. You could add an error by Kaunitz at this time, when he forced through cuts to the Austrian military that impeded Austrian operations at a critical stage.
You might argue that the Austrians officer corps as a whole was less professional than the Prussian and subject to divisions not faced by the Prussians, due to the presence of the Prussian king in field. Austrian command structures and cavalry doctrines did not support Daun's new grand tactics as well as they might; but there is no denying Daun aimed at the destruction of the enemy, as achieved at Maxen, another concentric operation.
You could say that the Austrian infantry were slightly outclassed by Prussian infantry in the early years of the war, but it is easy to point to numerous cases where Austrian infantry prevailed over Prussian and undertook aggressive and successful operations on their own initiative. Frederick himself said at Lobositz 'these are not the same old Austrians'.
It is important not to be misled by impressions of the Austrian military that arose in the Napoleonic wars and the later 19th Century. The Theresian state was a high point of Austrian military and fiscal efficiency and trans-national popular support. Read Duffy and the diaries of the Netherlander Prince de Ligne, among others, for confirmation.