One of the key things to understand about the US is the federal system. The states are very different from the federal government - in the area of finances, states mostly can't run deficits. They have to have a balanced budget in each biennium. They can sometimes borrow money for capital improvements (depending on the state constitution) but this money is more expensive than the federal government's borrowing because it is less reliable.
Most states tax land: a property tax, expressed as a percentage of assessed valuation. We also encourage homeownership through income tax deductions for mortgage interest paid. As a result, there are a lot of people in America who own their own homes - generally the most valuable asset they own. With the big run-up in housing prices during the early 2000s, lots of people found themselves paying enormous property taxes. My own property tax bill is about 7.5% of my annual income, way more than my state and federal income tax combined.
Most states have sales taxes, as I said before, kind of like the European VAT. My state, Oregon, does not. It has been proposed many times but the voters always reject it in referenda. This is one reason why our land taxes are so high. We have lots of referenda in Oregon; we love to vote here. Our constitution is almost a hundred pages long because people have passed so many amendments.
The federal government gets most of its money from income taxes. These come in two flavors: the regular income tax, which is extremely difficult to calculate because of all the exemptions and credits and funny definitions, and the payroll tax, devoted to the old-age insurance scheme we call Social Security and the old-age health care system called Medicare. This is a flat percentage of salary earned up to $80,000 a year, and nothing on any earnings beyond that - a clearly regressive tax. The benefit paid out is also capped, giving some semblence of fairness to the system, but since it is insurance I have always thought that the benefit should be means-tested. But messing with Social Security/Medicare is political suicide. Old people vote and they will vote massively against anybody who threatens their benefits. Selfish bastards! Those of us who were born after 1955 or so mostly assume that the system will not be there for us when we retire.
Maybe we would do better with requisition missions
