Sat May 10, 2008 4:01 pm
Here is a general guide on the use of the Union and Rebel armies in the PBEM mod.
General
Attacking is very difficult in ACW even in the PBEM mod. In particular, defending troops with level 4 entrenchments and above are almost impossible to defeat unless the attacker has a substantial numerical or qualitative advantage. So first rule, never, never, never attack a large force which is heavily entrenched, whether Union or CSA. If you absolutely have no choice or time forces an attack, you will need a minimum of 2.5-1 but preferably 3-1 numerical advantage. Even then, expect to take heavy casualties. It is even tougher when the defender uses the modded "hold at all costs" defense combined with heavy entrenchments.
Because entrenchments are so powerful, the key to a successful offense or counteroffense is maneuver. Threatening encirclement, enemy supply or other key points will often force enemy troops to abandon their entrenchments and fight in the open. Of course, the attacker is very vulnerable to defender counterattacks during their advance as advancing troops are not entrenched while moving.
The Union:
The Union has several advantages in attack. First advantage is their numbers and second is their strategic mobility. By the end of the war, the Union outnumbers the CSA by more than 2-1 which allows the Union to attack in many locations often with larger armies. With this numerical advantage, the Union can also suffer greater losses than the CSA. The Union has excellent rail, river and sea mobility which can force a dispersal of Reb forces in an attempt to defend everywhere. The Union has many options in choosing where to strike.
However the Union has many disadvantages offsetting their advantages. Union troops do not perform as well as reb troops on the battlefield or on the march. Early war Union cavalry has poor fighting ability, poor detection ratings and is in short supply. Union leadership is atrocious in early war. Even though their leadership improves throughout the war-particularly strategically, Union leadership never matches the CSA offensive/defensive leadership advantage on the battlefield. The Union army, with all their numbers, is never very good on the battlefield...except when heavily entrenched or in strong defensive terrain. The Union needs to maximize their numerical advantage and their mobility by threatening attack in multiple sectors. Multiple advances thin out the rebel defenses. Many advances will be defeated or halted but enough weak points will be found for the Union to advance.
In addition, the large Union armies require and rapidly consume large amounts of supply or they starve. To receive supply, the Union must control the roads or water between their depots and their armies. If the Union loses control of their supply lines, they must quickly take their objective or retreat to avoid starvation. Attacks on depots or the Union supply line can quickly halt a Union advance if they are not accompanied by plentiful supply trains.
To summarize, the Union army is large and strategically mobile. However Union armies are poorly led, do not fight well when unentrenched, lose cohesion rapidly while marching or fighting and have vulnerable supply lines.
To counter a Union advance, rebel armies should attack with powerful, concentrated forces any separate, vulnerable, advancing Union formations quickly before they entrench. A single, good attack can destroy Union divisions/corps quickly with acceptable losses to the rebs. The Union numerical advantage disappears fairly quickly after a couple of divisions or a corps are decimated. If the Union army is too large to attack or heavily entrenched, then focus on their supply lines and/or create situations which tempt the Union to split their force.
The Rebels:
The rebel army is very strong on both attack and defense. Their troops are excellent quality and have superb leadership. The primary drawbacks from the CSA perspective is lack of numbers combined with weak and vulnerable transportation lines. Often the rebs cannot be everywhere at the same time and cannot respond quickly to new Union strategic threats.
The rebs must prioritize their defensive objectives. In some sectors, stubborn delaying defense should be employed allowing for the decisive concentrated counterattack in another sector. Against multiple Union offensives, the rebel commander is often tempted to plug every hole leaving their troops too dispersed. In that situation, the rebel armies cannot achieve the local superiorities and decisive victories needed to cripple large Union offenses. Also a dispersed army often takes too long to concentrate their scattered divisions and corps for a counterattack. This is a crucial drawback when quick counterattacks are absolutely necessary before a new Union offensive can entrench in a crucial location. While detachments defend crucial points, the rebels need a concentrated force available for quick counterstrokes.
The rebels should take advantage of their superior cavalry to cut Union supply lines and destroy vulnerable Union garrisions. In particular in Missouri and Kentucky, small cavalry forces, power 100 or so, can devastate small Union garrisons. If the Union does not supplement his MO/Ky garrisons with reconnaisance cavalry, reb cavalry/indian tribes operating in passive mode can roam freely without detection to surprise Union detachments.
The reb army is a very powerful force but can be defeated. Just like Union troops, entrenched reb armies are extraordinarily powerful and difficult to defeat. Unlike the Union armies, the rebel army is also very dangerous outside their entrenchments on offense. Due to Union numbers, the CSA will be forced to fight outside of their entrenchments. The CSA should make certain those battles are at a time and place of their choice. From 61-63, the CSA should capitalize on their strong offensive capabilities to strike hard at advancing Union columns to keep rebel territory free of Union forces. The rebel challenge becomes much more difficult in 64-65 as late war troops become available and the Union numerical advantage becomes more dominant.
Fighting the Reb Army:
The Union should always try to fight the reb armies out of their entrenchments. Flanking maneuvers often will provoke either a counterattack or a counter move by the rebs. Either way, the rebs have been forced out of their entrenchments.
A primary offensive by the Union typically needs concentration and large numbers. Small Union formations are often easily destroyed by quick, concentrated reb counterattacks. When you take a crucial location, halt and entrench. Due to weak Union leadership and lesser troop quality, advances are often slow and halting.
Union detachments are necessary to hold captured ground and ensure supply to your primary army. Detached Union divisions and corps are very tempting targets for concentrated CSA counterattacks. When detached formations are necessary, try to place them in good defensive terrain and maximize entrenchments before leaving them on their own.
At the same time, detached formations often make very good bait for the less cautious rebel commander. If you see a gathering reb counterattack, strong reinforcements railroaded to a threatened detachment can turn easy pickings into a expensive defeat for the rebs. Detached formations can also distract the CSA commander from your actual objective during an offense. If the reb concentrates to destroy a weak formation, your real objective may be weakened enough to fall from a quick attack by your primary force.
A reb counterattack is dangerous, but Union troops fight best on defense. If you are able to force a reb counterattack on your strongest force due to threatening movement, especially if entrenched, welcome the counterattack. Regardless of whether the Union wins or loses, the losses will also be heavy on the confederate side. The Union has much more manpower than the Rebs.
Typically the dangerous, concentrated rebel counterattack is dependent on rapid rail transportation. Railroad lines cut during crucial time frames can allow the freedom for a successful Union advance and entrenchment on important positions. Union cavalry, used in passive mode, is very useful for cutting those railroad lines crucial for successful reb counterstrikes.
Supply is essential for the Union advancing into CSA territory and is a vulnerability as supply lines can easily be cut. Union offenses relying on river or coastal supply are preferable to reliance on land supply as they are harder to cut by the rebs. Always ensure you have adequate supply trains. Depots need to be adequately defended.
The Union should always recruit substantial numbers of cavalry. With the new detection ratings, cavalry is vital for reconnaissance. Your Missouri and Kentucky garrisons will need some supplemental cavalry to find reb cavalry/indians moving in passive mode. Early war Union cavalry may be poor but they are absolutely essential.
To summarize, a successful Union army advance against the rebels is typically slow and methodical with heavy reliance on entrenchments and numbers to balance out the rebel troop and leadership advantage. A Union focus on destroying CSA railroads provides protection against the dreaded CSA counterattack. Simultaneously, the Union must ensure their advancing armies are well supplied with supply trains and have well protected supply lines. The Union has a very challenging task. In ways, much more difficult than the rebs. However the Union does have numbers and can afford mistakes much more than the CSA.
Final note: Over and over, I want to emphasize....Do not attack heavily entrenched troops if you have any choice at all. If you have no choice or time, expect heavy losses.